| Type of microorganism |
Fungus |
| Microorganism name |
Aspergillus oryzae
|
| Temperature range |
|
| pH range |
pH 6.5 at the start, pH 3.8 at the end. No pH adjustment during the process. (Rousta et al., 2021)
|
| Carbon and nitrogen source |
|
| Growth rate (µ) |
0.19-0.23/hour for WT and mutant strains (Müller et al., 2002). No info found on growth rate in industrial context.
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| Companies (product) |
|
| Wild-type or GMO |
Wild-type |
| Feedstock case studies (suitable substrates) |
|
| % SCP (w/w percentage of protein in dried biomass) |
|
| cell biomass dry weight (CDW) = biomass yield? (g/L or g/g?) (weight of biomass/total weight or volume) |
4.9% (w/v) wet biomass on pilot scale (Rousta et al., 2021) on oat flour
|
| Protein content in final product |
7.14-14.3% (w/w) (Products from Prime Roots)
|
| Protein titer (g/L or g/g?) grams of protein / total weight or volume |
1.8% (w/v) (own calculation based on Rousta et al. (2021)). Done on pilot scale on oat flour
|
| Productivity (g/Lh) |
NA |
| Protein yield on C-source (% w/w) |
14-21% (w/w) on oat flour on pilot scale (Rousta et al., 2021)
|
| Scale |
From lab scale (Devanthi et al., 2024), to pilot scale (Rousta et al., 2021 & mycorena) to industrial scale (Prime Roots) |
| Downstream purification processing complexity |
No info about downstream proces, most likely similar processing as other fungi products. |
| Nucleic acid content |
Not specifially stated, but likely around 10% as most fungi |
| Techno-functional and/or nutritional properties (e.g. meat-like texture, amino acid profile, digestibility) |
High protein content (all amino acids present), rich in fiber, low in saturated fats, meat-like texture (Rousta et al., 2022)
|
| Target application (Food, feed, other) |
|
| Advantages |
Use in feed potentially improves the digestibility for ruminants (Uwineza et al., 2023)
|
| Challenges (Key limitations, risk factors) |
Risks of allergenicity & toxicity as for all fungal products. |
| Regulatory status in Europe |
Not a novel food. It is allowed and on the market in Europe
|
| Regulatory status in other parts of the world |
|
| Extra/remark |
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| Publications/references |
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Rousta, N., Hellwig, C., Wainaina, S., Lukitawesa, L., Agnihotri, S., Rousta, K., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2021). Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae for Food: From Submerged Cultivation to Fungal Burgers and Their Sensory Evaluation—A Pilot Study. Foods, 10(11), 2774. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10112774
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Devanthi, P. V. P., Pratama, F., Pramanda, I. T., Bani, M. D., Kadar, A. D., & Kho, K. (2024). Exploring the Potential of Aspergillus oryzae for Sustainable Mycoprotein Production Using Okara and Soy Whey as Cost-Effective Substrates. Journal of Fungi, 10(8), 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080555
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Bajić, B., Vučurović, D., Vasić, Đ., Jevtić-Mučibabić, R., & Dodić, S. (2022). Biotechnological Production of Sustainable Microbial Proteins from Agro-Industrial Residues and By-Products. Foods, 12(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010107
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Rajput, S. D., Pandey, N., & Sahu, K. (2024). A comprehensive report on valorization of waste to single cell protein: strategies, challenges, and future prospects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(18), 26378–26414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33004-7
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Uwineza, C., Bouzarjomehr, M., Parchami, M., Sar, T., Taherzadeh, M. J., & Mahboubi, A. (2023). Evaluation of in vitro digestibility of Aspergillus oryzae fungal biomass grown on organic residue derived-VFAs as a promising ruminant feed supplement. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00922-4
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Müller, C., McIntyre, M., Hansen, K., & Nielsen, J. (2002). Metabolic Engineering of the Morphology of Aspergillus oryzae by Altering Chitin Synthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(4), 1827–1836. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.4.1827-1836.2002
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